What is a thyroid gland How much do people unders Essays

What is a thyroid organ? What amount do individuals comprehend about it? The organ is situated at the base of the neck, encompassing the trachea. This apparently unimportant body part assumes an indispensable job in keeping up ideal turn of events and guaranteeing the equalization of a living being's focal sensory system. In situations where it glitches, endocrine infections may emerge. This is reflected in Erica* who is a victim of grave's ailment. This article will initially look at the impacts of Erica's ailment on her physical and mental wellbeing and on her way of life. Also, Erica's own impression of the illness and response to the analysis will be talked about. Next, natural triggers and whatever other indicators that may affect parts of the ailment will be tended to. At long last, accentuation will be given to Erica's desires for what's to come. The writer's own expectations will likewise be incorporated deliberately all through the article. Brought up in Australia, Erica's folks were initially Vietnamese evacuees who fled to Australia during the Vietnam War. At age 28, Erica is a female who holds the situation of a deals and promoting chief. Erica is at present hitched and lives with her significant other. Ando, Latif and Davies (2004) characterize Grave's malady as a pervasive immune system issue coming about because of the abundance creation of thyroid hormones. Hanna and Lafranchi (2002) recommend this can be the impact of convoluted cooperations among outer and interior elements. A case of this was while Erica acquired the quality that caused Grave's malady from her mom, natural incitements, for example, a microorganisms contamination, stress or basically geographic factors, for example, her Asian foundation may have actuated the beginning of the infection. As indicated by Erica, Asians are progressively inclined to iodine-related illnesses because of their low iodine diet. Erica was first determined to have a thyroid condition at the young age of 21. Hanna and Lafranchi (2002) battles that females are multiple times bound to encounter hyperthyroidism when contrasted with guys and that in the underlying phase of the sickness, manifestations are secretive in spite of it having lethal results later on. Measurably roughly 0.4% of grown-ups experience the ill effects of Grave's infection. The seriousness of Erica's ailment and tenacious endorsing from her folks provoked her to look for clinical assistance right away. In the wake of having had her blood test taken, antithyroid medications were directed by the specialist dependent on the research facility results. This was characteristic of the measure of radioactive iodine that is consumed by the thyroid organ. A high iodine take-up means Grave's infection (Isaacs and Ruggieri, 2004). There are three kinds of treatment for hyperthyroidism. They are antithyroid medications (ATD), radioactive treatment (RAI) and medical procedure with the primary sort of treatment being the most well-known and the last being uncommon (Isaacs and Ruggieri, 2004). Cooper (2005) clarifies that the utilization of such immunosuppressive medications have a bit of leeway over other progressively risky estimates, for example, radiation treatment and medical procedure. This is to a great extent since oral prescription is progressively moderate and seen as less hazardous. In any case, it is obscure to numerous that RAI can likewise be regulated in prescription structure as a radioactive pill ingested orally (Hanna and Lafranchi, 2002). Additionally, reviews looking at the viability of the three principle medicines of hyperthyroidism have shown up to 90% achievement rate for each. In any case, this type of treatment is additional tedious and requires long haul duty in that successive tests on the thyroid should be done in any event once consistently until the measure of thyroid hormones discharged seem, by all accounts, to be of an adequate level. In the event that this information stays steady for the following three months, the measure of medication managed could be brought down and in the end stopped inside the range of year and a half (Cooper, 2005). As per Erica, her primary care physician needed to screen the improvement of her thyroid. This implies she was required to experience blood tests on a month to month premise. Naturally, it was dubious to know the specific measure of prescription to recommend since her condition shifted intermittently, without holding fast to a particular pattern. Cooper (2005) attests that an overdose may prompt hypothyroidism while inadequate organization will bring about uncontrolled degrees of hyperthyroidism. By and by, Erica felt that visits to the professional acted like a bother as a result of her bustling calendar at college. The

Gulf War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Inlet War - Essay Example In military terms, the battle in the Persian Gulf was amazingly effective in light of the fact that it hangs out in the stunning low number of battle setbacks. The alliance powers accomplished total prevalence in air, adrift and ashore with insignificant misfortunes; be that as it may, politically the result of the inlet war is explicitly petulant. In the prompt sense, Kuwait’s taken sway was reestablished with the Al-Sabah family set back in force and UN’s points being satisfied. From the provincial point of view, the effect of the war had significant key monetary just as political outcomes; for example, the vital cost of permitting the intercession of the US brought about nearer attaches with certain countries in the district. Sending of Allied powers Following the alliance war and the related decay in the financial and wellbeing molded in the nation saw Saddam’s notoriety endure decrease. ... Late history is brimming with examples where in military terms legislators try to control vital results wrongly like on account of Grenada and Vietnam. Be that as it may, in 1991 political pioneers in that period appeared to be careful of violating the imprint from national to political intruding contrasted with their contribution in Vietnam. At the time the US president, George Bush along with the country’s secretary of protection Richard Cheney were resolved to permit the experts run the war and disregard micromanagement of the combat zone. At the hour of the war, it was fundamental for the US to pass on messages that bay war was never a US one-sided experience. To show this, it depended in huge part on making and keeping up the worldwide alliance of troop from various countries particularly the Arab states. Besides, the achievement of proposed resistance for Saudi Arabia and later on the freedom of Kuwait depended on unrelated alliance right of section to Saudi’s reg ion on which to base the tasks. Notwithstanding, there were imperative worries of an Arab state going about as an organizing base for the essentially western hostility against an Arab state. An Australian general assumed a steady job to the mission of US’s secretary to Saudi Arabia to convince the King at the time on the essentialness of safeguarding the nation against the Iraqi hostility. At that point, the Middle East political setting was experiencing emotional change and tolerating the path of least resistance in pacifying Saddam could modify it to the benefit of Saudi Arabia and its partners. In addition, to agree with western forces against another Arab state was unsafe endeavor since it had

History of Healing for African Aboriginal - myassignmenthelp

Question: Expound on theHistory of Healing for African Aboriginal Community. Answer: This learning module has not just illuminated me about the elective clinical control as followed among the African native network individuals, however has additionally expanded my insight about how compelling the indigenous type of mending is. Before understanding this, I generally accepted that the African medication and healers are too informal to even think about finding wherever in the cutting edge pharmacology framework. Be that as it may, the module has edified me about how the healers have end up being exceptionally viable in restoring incessant ailments, for example, Diabetes and Obesity. This module has additionally improved my mindfulness about how the politically-sanctioned racial segregation government compellingly forced the Western Worldview on the African individuals, without endeavoring to comprehend and analyze the legitimacy of the customary African mending process. Their mending procedure was anyway inseparable related with their strict and otherworldly perspective . Thus, in the event that I can't fathom their perspective of otherworldliness, I am less inclined to locate their mending procedure solid and a dependable one. I thought that it was intriguing that the African individuals are by and by utilizing a two-way-way to deal with social insurance issues, whereby by the side of conventional healers, they are likewise holding onto the Western drugs as the last is all the more deductively demonstrated to be viable. In any case, the most significant thing that has overpowered me past anything, is the manner by which they characterize the physical prosperity as far as otherworldliness. The decent connection with family and kinfolk help in guaranteeing by and large prosperity that without a doubt helps in forestalling pressure and nervousness issues, prompting cholesterol and hypertension issue. On the off chance that an individual can't reach and satisfy the most extreme profound potential required out of him, he will fall prey to the sickness. Notwithstanding, I was unable to value the possibility of sickness being blamed by detestable soul as it unmistakably needs objective methodology and logical proof.

The Ethical and Legal Issues Which Arise with Health Care Essay

The Ethical and Legal Issues Which Arise with Health Care - Essay Example The instance of Martin is one which conveys intrigue as a result of the referred to worries that relate to stroke just as the limit which the emergency clinic needed to react, yet didn’t. This initially started when Martin was admitted to the medical clinic, which raises moral worry with the reactions that were required and not followed up on. It is realized that when an individual experiences stroke, certain reflexes started to be provoked, explicitly to attempt to adjust the body in an alternate way. With this, is a known change with the body that prompts pneumonia, regularly which leaves the body unreasonably powerless for an activity. Taking care of cylinders and elective taking care of techniques are normal desires with patients, particularly if the stroke is unreasonably extreme for post †stroke patients. It is noticed this is the best way to not have reflexes react and to make the correct developments for sustenance and modifications for taking care of among patien ts. The known issue which emerges is one which shows that the emergency clinic ought to have promptly reacted to the conditions regarding taking care of and sustenance, instead of recruiting a language instructor to attempt to change the state of Martin first. Another difficult which is related with the instance of Martin depends on the failure for him to talk and the reliance which was made with his condition in the emergency clinic. This issue is encouraged with the procedures which were not helped through, not just as far as the nutritious and physical state, yet in addition in light of different troubles which are known to go with those experiencing a stroke. This is comprehensive of mental reactions, social challenges, changes in subjective capacity and character forms. Clinic staff are required to comprehend the moral concerns and the manner by which this connects to the

Confidentialy and Data Protection Essay Sample free essay sample

†¢ Confidentiality and informations security are basic when running a spot based childcare administration. Compose a record of the significance of both. Privacy The meaning of ‘confidential’ is ; 1. Done or imparted in affirmation ; secret.2. Endowed with the affirmation of another: a classified secretary. 3. Indicating affirmation or nature: a secret manner of speaking. 4. Consolidating data. the unapproved disclosure of which represents a danger to national security. Tassoni. P expresses that secrecy is ;‘Not offering to others or go throughing on close to home data about the families you are working with. but when it is in the child’s best inclusion to make so. ’ ( Tassoni. P. 2010 ) . As a childminder you will hold course to data about the children in your consideration and conceivably individuals from their family unit which will be viewed as secret. This implies there are only sure individuals who need to cognize this data and figure else should expect course to remember. We will compose a custom paper test on Confidentialy and Data Protection Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Those individuals are the guardians of the child. myself as a childminder. in certain occurrences the child themselves will be perceptive other than. From clasp to cut I will hold to work with regulative natural structures and individuals from cultural administrations or the constabulary. In these cases it will be my obligation to parcel this data and help them as I can. ever with the best inclusion of the child in head. Tassoni. P trusts that‘All early mature ages practicians working with kids must be insightful of child abuse and see their ain capacity in ensuring children’ ( Tassoni. P et Al. 2005 ) As a childminder it will be my obligation to do sure that any classified data about any children in my consideration is secured off a safe topographic point and that I am the solitary person who has dish to the key. I will require to be perceptive of the adherents ;†¢ The Law†¢ Signs and symptoms†¢ How to respond to a child when he/she unveils maltreatment.†¢ Standard inclusion processs.†¢ Intimate consideration of children in my attention.†¢ The capacity of the Childminder.†¢ Keeping privileged insights. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 is essentially an Act that inside informations the privileges of a child. Information Protection There are numerous Torahs that detail the obligation of those individuals working with kids. These Torahs are in topographic point to secure the childminder. the guardians and above all else the child in request. The Data Protection Act 1998 inside informations that ‘sensitive information’ is any data referencing to the supporters ; ( a ) the racial or social start of the informations theme.( B ) his political assumptions.( degree Celsius ) his otherworldly convictions or different convictions of a comparable sort. ( nutrient D ) whether he is an individual from an exchange fellowship ( inside the importance of the M1Trade Union and Labor Relations ( Consolidation ) Act 1992 ) . ( nutrient E ) his physical or mental health or status.( degree Fahrenheit ) his sexual life.( g ) the board of trustees or affirmed panel by him of any offense. or on the other hand ( H ) any procedures for any offense submitted or asserted to hold been submitted by him. the removal of such procedures or the sentence of any court in such procedures. ( Data Protection Act 1998 ) . The 1998 Data Protection Act was passed by Parliament to order the way data is taken care of and to give lawful rights to individuals who have data put away about them. The Data Protection Act was created to give assurance and put down guidelines about how informations about individuals can be utilized. The 1998 Act covers data or data put away on a registering machine or a composed paper documenting framework about populating individuals. The essential way it works is by: 1. puting up guidelines that individuals need to follow2. holding an Information Commissioner to execute the guidelines It does non stop organizations hive awaying data about individuals. It only causes them to follow guidelines. In the event that any individual was to divide secret data with individuals who did non require to hear it so they are. actually. intruding on the statute. Reference index Information Protection Act 1998 Tassoni. P et Al. 2005. NVQ Level 3 Children’s Care. Learning and Development. Heinemann Educational Publishers. Tassoni. P et Al. 2010. Level 3 Diploma Children and Young People’s Workforce Candidate Handbook. Heinemann.

Chronicle the work of Shakespeare Essay - 3025 Words

Chronicle the work of Shakespeare (Essay Sample) Content: Chronicle the work of Shakespeare and demonstrate his lasting impact on contemporaries, artists that followed shortly after him, and on modern artists(Name)(Course)(Tutor)(Date)Abstract William Shakespeare is an international writer who has inspired many literature writers for many centuries. Many people all over the world have studied his literature works while most of his plays have been made into movies and other life performances. Shakespeare is, therefore, a recognized writer who pushed writing limits to show his contemporary prowess. Most of the Shakespeare's plays are mainly focused on the actions that make readers feel the emotions that are revealed throughout the plays. In addition, he has also helped the society by giving new words, which depicts new meaning to literature work. Most of his work is also used to give a clear picture to the readers how life had been during his time. Therefore, Shakespeare work has been major history of literature, which was en joyed by many people around the world including kings and queens. In the modern society, most of his writings are taught at schools. Shakespeare has been regarded as one of the greatest literature writers who anonymously contributed to its growth. This is because his generation of words was unquestionably the most influential. He, therefore, made the greatest contribution in the world of literature. This means that major parts of literature in the world were shaped by Shakespeares work. Most of his contemporaries and modern artists have used his ideas in their writings. Introduction Shakespeares writing has a great relevance in the modern linguistic standpoint. This is because he introduced thousands of phrases and words in English language. Additionally he also introduced new grammatical structures, which have been used, by most of his predecessor writers in their work. Although his language seems to be non-applicable in the modern society, it depicts his unique ways of writing. H is literally mode or writing is used to describe unimaginable events and situations thus enriching English language in an enormous way. Various phrases used in the modern world give clear evidence that Shakespeares literal work is very relevant. Shakespeare engaged in different writing field such as plays, comedy, and poems, which greatly expanded scopes of English. This laid a firm ground for other authors who joined literature field after him. His literal diversity is also used to show the relevance of his work in the society. This is because the mixture of genre is extensively acceptable in the modern literature fields.Additionally, Shakespeare work is also relevant on a personal level because of his characterization. His plays have thus been performed throughout because his characters feel alive and vivid to viewers. Moreover, his stories and plays are timeless because most of his themes repeat themselves in the modern literature, theater, and films. This shows why his literatur e works influenced his contemporaries and modern artists. This paperwork discusses ways in which Shakespeares work has influenced his contemporaries, artists who followed him, and modern artists. Chronicles of Shakespeares work Shakespeare is an English playwright and a poet commonly regarded as the greatest writer and the worlds paramount dramatist. Throughout his entire life, he greatly contributed in literature field trough his numerous writings. His total work includes 154 sonnets, 38 plats, two long poems and several short ones. All his plays have been translated into many languages across the world and have been performed more than those from other playwrights. He has born in Stratford and started his career in London. He started as an actor, a writer and a co-owner of a playing company (Shmidt, 2008). Early plays that were written by Shakespeare were mostly histories and comedies. At the end of the sixteenth century, these two genres had raised to the sophistication peak. Th e next phases of his writings were tragedies plays such as Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, and Othello. These four plays are mainly referred as summit of Shakespeares writing and greatest tragedies in the history. Later in his life, he wrote two great poems during great plagues, which were dedicated to Earl of Southampton and Henry Wriothesley. His great playwright talent granted his family an immense honor of containing Coat of Arms. Although most of Shakespeares plays and writings are set in the historical past, they hold similar themes of revolution and kingship (Hogan, 2006). Shakespeare lived during the Queen Elizabethan era, in which relatively moderate English Protestantism gained dominance and superiority. Throughout his writings, he explored major themes such as ethics, pity, remorse, appeal, amnesty, and life after death. Additionally, his own religious leaning has raised debate to some writers. This is because his work is governed by a visibly of Christian ethics and moral o rder. Majority of his play have portrayed grief by tragic flaws apparently entrenched in the human environment much like tragedies Greek heroes (Bergeron, 1998).Although he was a highly cherished poet and playwright in his lifetime, his reputation did not rise as compared to the present heights until the nineteenth century. Romans, in particular, celebrated his genius, and in the twentieth century, his work was continually adopted and rediscovered by new movements in learning institutions around the world. His plays, therefore, remain highly popular nowadays and are constantly performed and admired in diverse political and cultural contexts all over the world (Fulton, 2010).Shakespeare used right combination of words to conjure the right image in his writing. Through these standards, he authored many plays and countless passages. His writings were powerful, tragic romantic and comic thus making him unique from other writers. This gives the reason why his plays are still memorized ro utinely and performed in theaters today after more than four centuries. The beauty of Shakespeares talent does not necessarily lie on his themes, but it is reinforced by his ingenuity with which he painted portraits of power, hatred, love, discrimination, and greed. This made his work to be unique from other artist during his era. His uniqueness is evidenced from the movie, Shakespeare in love which was performed in 1999. In this movie, Queen Elizabeth clearly states that Shakespeare was the first play author who successfully placed truth of love and its essence into words. Although this is just a movie, her decree is accurate (Berg, 2007). The truthiness in Shakespeares writing attracted all kind of people in the theater regardless of their social status. According to him, truth of humanity is not based on wealth or social status of individuals in the society. This is because everyone in the society regardless of their status has a dream of having love similar to that of Romeo and Juliet. The balcony scene of this play makes Shakespeare the most famous author of all times. This is clearly depicted from Ben Jonson writing when he says that Shakespeare is not an author of an age but of all times (Gjesdal, 2004). There is no doubt that Shakespeares substantial knowledge in his work is very essential for education. English literature would, therefore, be considered incompletes without his contribution. This is because he had extraordinary writing skills, which have accurately portrayed human truth throughout. Therefore, to skip his integral part of his literature history is like taking an internal organ out of a living thing. Like a living creature, which cannot survive without an internal organ, literature on the other hand, cannot survive without Shakespeares work (Limon, 1995). Impact of Shakespeares work on his ContemporariesAccording to Hartley 2001, Shakespeare has been commonly judged the most adequate representative of the universe literature genius. Alth ough he had many contemporaries, some of whom were well and relatively talented, but it is his work only has been endured to be performed and celebrated across the world for centuries. This is what has made Shakespeare work to be significant to English speakers and English-speaking nations. It is, therefore, clear that the world would be very different without his contribution in literature field (Hartley, 2001). Shakespeare contributed in uniting three major steams of English literature. This is because he featured in writing of drama, poetry, and verses in his career. In his writing, he influenced eloquence which gave his work high expression and elasticity of English language. For the drama, he saved the language for the expense of vast vividness and actuality. In addition, Shakespeare uses blank verses to influences English writing (Paul, 2010). Some English poets in particular romantic poets have also been influenced by Shakespeares writings. Modern themes anticipated in Shakes peares plays such as Hamlet have obsessed romantic poets with self-consciousness. In addition, competition and popularity of theatre during Elizabethan era culminated the production of most significant works in literature. Shakespeare thus contributed to the welfare of his contemporaries such as Christopher Marlowe, Francis Beaumont, Thomas Kyd and John Fletcher. All this are significant authors of 18th century who produced plays that are performed in the modern society. Their success in literature was greatly contributed by Shakespeares effort of transforming English language. This is because Shakespeare is credited with high creativity in language during that period. He introduced vocabularies and phrases that were used by his contemporaries to compose their writings. Moreover, he introduced more than thre...

Problems of Cheating in Modern Society Essay

Is Modern Society More Tolerable to Cheating than Before? It is true to say that cheating on one’s spouse exists as long as there is marriage; and of course every generation is completely and utterly sure that the age it lives in is the worst in what concerns morals, human relationships and social life in general. Strangely enough, but people seem to like complaining about such things. It is hard to say whether cheating nowadays is more wide-spread than before, for there hardly can be any reliable information on this matter either from modern times or from the ages past, as cheating isn’t generally the thing that one strives to make public. Some people do everything to persuade us that it was better â€Å"then†; some people do everything to persuade us that â€Å"then† was just the same as â€Å"now†. Yet, some things changed, no doubt. Technological progress made cheating much more easy than it was in the ages past; cell phones and the Internet makes communications simple and confidential, unless someone tries to investigate them directly. And, of course, public opinion ceased to be strictly against cheating. Many people treat it extremely easy, condescendingly or even approvingly (at least until the moment they are cheated on themselves). There are even specialized dating websites for married people on the Internet. And it is strange, really. Even if people consider Christian (and almost any other) morals to be outdated, do they consider business agreements to be just as outdated? And what a marriage is if not a business agreement of a kind, with its terms and conditions? Why a person who infringes this contract should be treated in a different way from somebody who swindles his or her business partner? It is a picturesque example of doublethink, one of many that may be encountered in modern world.

Civil Liberties And Civil Rights Essay - 2075 Words

Introduction In Calvin Jillson’s American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change Eighth Edition, Chapters thirteen and fourteen explore the subjects of civil liberties and civil rights. Chapter thirteen concentrates on the origin and expansion of civil liberties in the United States. This chapter mainly focuses on the different aspects of the freedom of expression and religion, and how they were transformed by different legal disputes, but it also details the problems with the criminal justice system in America. Chapter fourteen analyzes social movements and their effect on American politics, particularly movements for racial and gender equality. It also describes the ongoing debate over affirmative action in the United States. Both civil liberties and civil rights are used to empower the individual over government, and ensures an egalitarian society in today’s world. This review will cover one specific topic in chapter thirteen, and three general to pics in chapter fourteen. In chapter thirteen I will cover the section Civil Liberties and the Bill of Rights, specifically The Origins of the Bill of Rights, Freedom of Expression: Speech and the Press, and Freedom of Religion. The topics I will cover in chapter fourteen are What are Social Movements, Social Movements in American Politics, and Slavery and Abolitionism. These topics will be reviewed in this exact order. In my review, I will fully summarize the different topics, and provide my personalShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1081 Words   |  5 Pages1 McGahey 3 Megan McGahey Sherry Sharifian GOVT 2305 71430 20 September 2017 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights In the U.S. most use the terms Civil Liberties and Civil Rights interchangeably; although they both protect the freedom of citizens they do this in different ways. 2 Civil Liberties are limitations placed on the government. 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Civil Liberties focus on our basic freedoms as Americans and Civil Rights are concerned with rights regarding the treatment of an individual. 2 Definitely a Civil Liberty is ‘the basic right to be free from unequalRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights960 Words   |  4 Pagesvoting are very important aspects of shaping the government. Without certain civil rights being granted by the government, these important rights of expression and suffrage would not exist. There is a difference between civil liberties and civil rights in relation to the government. Civil liberties refer to an individual’s unalienable freedoms that cannot be taken away by political intervention. On the other hand, civil rights are provided by the government in order to promote equality. This ideology

Architecture Of The Temple Of Artemis At Ephesus - 1424 Words

In this paper I will do the near impossible and try to analyze the remains of the architecture of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (320-650 BCE). Analyzing the remains in term of Art History is nearly impossible because there is nothing left outside but some foundations that consist of piles of rocks. These are most likely the bases of the temples columns. The site only has one actual column that is still intact. Although, it looks as though it has been pieced together with scrap. A number of artists have created their interpretations of what they believed the temple looked like based on the descriptions of Pliny and others. If one was to analyze the temple based on modern renderings of it, they would say that it was influenced both by Greek and Near East architecture. The description given by Pliny speaks of their being a life size statue of Artemis that stood on a platform in the center of the temple. This statue of Artemis was unlike the common Greek interpretation of her as the g oddess of the hunt. Instead, this version of her is seen as a fertility goddess. A statue of her that was uncovered at the site of Ephesus depicts Artemis as being covered in breasts, which symbolize fertility. The excavators also found a nearly intact plate of a woman’s head and a part of frieze that shows the god Hermes and who many believe to be Persephone. The remains of the temple are located in Ephesus which is presently Turkey and had been originally built during the Persian Empire’sShow MoreRelatedThe Temple Of Artemis At Ephesus1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: World Wonder The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, also known as the Artemision, was once a remarkable sight that was considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The temple itself was a rather mysterious as not much is known about the rituals that may have taken place there. It is known that the Ephesian held Artemis is the highest honor. It was believed by some that Artemis herself was born at the location of the temple (Iosa, pg. 3). The templeRead MoreThe Temple Of Artemis At Ephesus1727 Words   |  7 Pages THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS Molli Layton Art History 201 Dr. James Swenson June 2, 2017 The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is a complex building with a complex history. Located in East Greece, the building underwent many changes, as did the surrounding Greek society. This paper will discuss the history, architecture, historical context, and sculptures of the temple. An analysis of it’s evolution will also be provided. The temple was built in mid sixth century BCE. The exact dateRead MoreArtemis Temple Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Ephesus was known across the Greek world for its devotion to the goddess Artemis and for its monumental temple dedicated to her. Greek Artemis was a goddess of virginity, women’s concerns, the hunt and the underworld (1). She was also the daughter of Zeus and Leto and the twin of Apollo. To her dedication, The Temple of Artemis was built, which is known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Iconic Temple of Artemis resides in the ancient city of Ephesus which is now TurkeyRead MoreThe Seven Wonders of the Ancient World1072 Words   |  4 PagesSeven Wonders of the Ancient world highlighted by Philon of Byzance. After Alexandre the Great the canonical list of seven wonders was presented: the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassu s, the Colossus of Rhodes and the Lighthouse of Alexandria. They are claimed to be the most remarkable creations of the ancient world due to their uniqueness, beauty, forms and innovations. Classical worldRead MoreThe Greeks Were A Mighty Empire.the Greeks1179 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology, art, and architecture. The Greeks were a very people. They made great advances in architecture and many true works of art. The Greeks also made four out of the seven ancient wonders of the ancient world. There are the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, The Colossus of Rhodes, and the LightHouse of Alexandria. According to SoftSchools.com The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was built to for Artemis, one of the goddesses of Olympus. This temple is one of the SevenRead MoreAre You Planning A Trip?2028 Words   |  9 PagesAre you planning a trip to Europe? Are you interested in history and ancient architecture? If you are going to Europe, don’t forget to visit Turkey. And once you get to Turkey, don’t get stuck in Istanbul, because you need to make sure you go and visit Ephesus. Ephesus is a city that’s rich in Greek and Roman history, with many prominent attractions and ruins that you won’t want to miss. History Ephesus is an ancient Greek city that was founded on the coast of the Aegean Sea during the 10thRead MoreEssay about Meaning and Identity in Public Art560 Words   |  3 Pagesfor a Greek temple. I want to share with you what the architecture communicated to me, what the subject of the art was that I observed, and why the building was placed where it now stands. Anyone who possesses basic knowledge about ancient Greece could surely see the similarities between Greek temples and the Capitol building. There is even an inscription on the Capitol building stating it is a Greek revival structure. The building has many similarities to a Greek temple such as: theRead MoreSeven Wonders of the Ancient World1404 Words   |  6 PagesAncient World The Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were some of the greatest civilizations in human history. The Greeks and the Romans had many interests and pursuits. These are cultures that placed a great deal of value in aesthetics and architecture. There are in fact many structures and artifacts that have survived from those civilizations. The Greek and Romans pursued and appreciation what they believed to be aesthetic and mathematical perfection. In the ancient world, these civilizationsRead More7 Wonders of the World - Essay2786 Words   |  12 Pagesstructure  in the world for over 3,800 years. * Originally the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface. * The Great Pyramid of Giza is the main part of a complex setting of buildings that included two  mortuary temples  in honor of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile). Hanging Gardens of Babylon * The  Hanging Gardens of  Babylon are considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. They were built by the Chaldean  king  NebuchadnezzarRead MoreArchitechture of Fredericton: Ionic and Corinthian Orders1184 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatly influenced by the neoclassical architectural period that swept Europe and North America during the 18th century (Young 1982, 10). This period was marked by an influx of buildings designed to reflect the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome (Faulkner 2009, Neo-classical architecture). It grew from the burgeoning interest in classical antiquities and antiquarianism, a movement led by Englishmen such as Lord Elgin and William Stukeley, which marked the 1700s (Greene and Moore 2010, 16, 38)

Essay about Inclusion in Practice - 730 Words

(M/601/4070) Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people 3.1 Explain what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practice 3.2 Identify barriers to children and young people’s participation Inclusive practice is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers to participation and belonging. Inclusion is about ensuring that children and young people, whatever their background or situation, are able to participate fully in all aspects of the life of the school. Inclusive practices will ensure that everyone feels valued and has a sense of belonging. Inclusion is not about viewing everyone as the same or providing the same work, but about providing the same opportunities and access to a†¦show more content†¦Disabled children and young people have the same right, as non-disabled children and young people to participate in decisions and issues that affect them. This is outlined in both the UN Convention on the Rights of Children (UNCRC) and in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Despite this, disabled children and young people continue to face significant barriers and challenges to participation. In order to effectively embed disabled children’s participation, it needs to be fully accessible and inclusive. The social model of disability provides a framework for inclusive participation; by focusing on changing attitudes and removing or minimizing barriers that prevent disabled children accessing the same opportunities as other children and young people. Barriers and challenges to disabled children and young people’s participation sit within three broad areas: training, support and resources; knowledge, understanding and attitudes; process, systems and structures. Identifying and recognizing the barriers and challenges provides a good basis for planning to further disabled children’s participation. Barriers to participation may include: * Physical barriers These may include lack of equipment or resources which the children may need to enable them to participate fully. Physical barriers could also be present within the school environment if it has not been fully adapted to meet the needs of all pupils. These adaptions areShow MoreRelatedSupport Inclusion And Inclusive Practices2271 Words   |  10 PagesBe able to support inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people. Explain what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practices. Inclusion is simply to be â€Å"included†. Inclusion is used to ensure that people with disabilities and needs are not restricted from activities and tasks due to this. Inclusion is about valuing all individuals and giving them a fair chance to be included without discrimination, inclusion should also include children from disadvantaged groups, of allRead MoreInclusion, The Educational Practice Of Children With Disabilities1728 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion, the educational practice of instructing children with disabilities as well as children without disabilities in one classroom, is a very controversial topic regarding the education of students in today’s society. â€Å"Inclusion seeks to establish collaborative, supportive, and nurturing communities of learners that are based on giving all students the services and accommodations they need to learn, as well as respecting and learning from each other’s individual differences† (Salend 5). TheRead MoreUn derstand Inclusion and Inclusive Practices in Work1033 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstand inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people. The UN Convention on the rights of the child article 28 says that Every child has the right to an education article 2 says The convention applies to every child whatever their ethnicity, gender, religion, abilities, whatever they think or say, no matter what type of family they come from. Schools have a duty to adhere to this legislation, they way that they do thisRead MoreInclusion Practices in Education Essay example4520 Words   |  19 PagesSpecial Education Inclusion What is OnWEAC? Welcome to OnWEAC, the Web site of the Wisconsin Education Association Council. WEAC represents 98,000 K-12 public school teachers and education support professionals, faculty and support staff in the Wisconsin Technical College System, education and information professionals employed by the state, retired members, and university students studying to become educators. OnWEAC provides services to members and non-members, including a databaseRead MoreInclusion Is The Educational Practice Of Educating Children With Disabilities819 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion is the educational practice of educating children with disabilities in the classroom with children without disabilities. In the past, people believed that children with disabilities were not capable of learning. This thought process hindered children with disabilities from being included in the general education population. After the ruling of Brown v Board of Education, families with children with disabilities began to fight for the rights of their children. Various families believed thatRead MoreAnswers 242 Equality Diversity And Inclusion In Dementia Care Practice699 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Title: 242 Equality, diversity and inclusion in dementia care practice Level: 2 Credit Value: 3 GLH 24 1 Explain what is meant by: a) diversity b) equality c) inclusion Diversity means people of different sexes, ages that all have their own different experiences, attitudes, beliefs and preferences. Equality means treating everyone fairly and making equal opportunities available. Inclusion involves making the individual the centre of their life, involving them in everything that is about them soRead MoreUnit 313. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Dementia Care and Practice.3305 Words   |  14 Pages | | | | | | | |Unit 313. Equality, diversity and inclusion in dementia care and practice. | | | | | | | |Q1(1.1) Explain why itRead MoreNVQ 3 Equality Diversity And Inclusion In Dementia Care Practice Assignment1696 Words   |  7 PagesDEM 313 Equality, diversity and inclusion in dementia care practice 1.1 Explain why it is important to recognise and respect an individual’s heritage An individual’s heritage is about his culture, history or personal experiences it is important to recognise and respect them because it is what makes him individual and unique. If we know them we provide a person centre care and focus on individual’s choices and preferences, he will then feel valued and included. For example Muslim doesn’t eat porkRead MoreInclusive Education : An Dominant Ideology Underpinning Academic And Social Schooling Policies Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesAct (1992), the Disability Standards for Education (2005), and the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians (2008). These obligations and legislative provisions have introduced systemic changes to embrace and strengthen the inclusion of all students, irrespective of ability or disability, into regular schooling as part of the challenge to improve outcomes, for all students (Hardy Woodcock, 2015), wherewith all students feel supported and valued, and barriers to access and participationRead MoreDiscrimination and Young People706 Words   |  3 PagesFinal draft Feb 2010 Title Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people 3 2 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity 1.2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access 1.3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children

Transformational And Authoritarian Leadership Style

Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Pamela Walsh Leadership Dr. Maureen Nixon March 9, 2015 Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Over the course of several decades, the depiction of leadership has changed. What was thought to be innovative and participative or transformational tactic to leadership has replaced the classical and autocratic or authoritarian approach. The step forward that not everything old is bad and not everything new is good was made somewhere along the way. It was determined that different leadership styles suited different situations, and it is the responsibility of each leader to figure out when to make use of an individual leadership approach or style. The two leaders selected for this assignment are Martha Stewart representing an authoritarian leadership style and William Shatner’s television character, James Tiberius Kirk from the starship Enterprise representing a transformational leadership style. Despite some minor similarities, the differences between Martha Stewart’s authoritarian leadership style and William Shat ner’s transformational leadership style used in the portrayal of James T. Kirk are strikingly pronounced. Martha Stewart’s Authoritarian Leadership Style Many have debated that authoritarian leadership is a pessimistic, negative, and discouraging view of others, however Martha Stewart’s use of this style enabled her to flourish in a competitive cutthroat environment.Show MoreRelatedAutocratic And Democratic Leadership Style883 Words   |  4 Pages(Obiajunwa, 2013). This means project managers may not have the right leadership style or set of skills to effectively manage and complete projects on time. Northhouse (2007) explained three leadership styles authoritarian, democratic and laissez-fair and their influences in his book Introduction to Leadership. Of those three I chose authoritarian and democratic for my research question. Is the authoritarian or democratic leadership style more effective for completing large-scale maintenance projects onRead MoreTransformational Leadership : John Burns1410 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of transformational leadership originated with the idea of â€Å"transforming leadership,† du bbed by leadership expert James Burns. Burns described transforming leadership as an interaction between leaders and followers so that they â€Å"raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wren, 1995, p. 101). Burns’s colleague, Bernard Bass, formulated the theory of transformational leadership based on Burns’s original idea. The simple word change implies that leadership is a processRead MoreThe Role Of Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership1320 Words   |  6 Pages As the study of leadership has expanded over the past decades, a general shift in the paradigm of leadership style has begun to occur. The male dominated workforce has started to give way to a far more diversified workplace, with increasing numbers of women and minorities in leadership positions. This shift, resultantly, is causing a move away from the traditional leadership styles, with more focus given to contemporary leadership theories. For example, in a recent TED Talk Roselinde Torres discussedRead MoreLeading A Continuously Changing Organization. Scholars1572 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization. All change theories must consider the diverse population and the type of leadership style of the leader who will lead the change. This paper discusses several foundational theories of change. Next, the essay discusses how effective the change models would be working with a diverse population. Last, the paper explores different leadership styles along with the authors leadership style a nd how those styles work with the different change theories. Foundational Theories The timing of an occurrenceRead MoreThe Leadership Style Associated With Each Theorist1739 Words   |  7 Pages1. Identify and briefly describe the leadership style associated with each theorist. A. Ken Blanchard and Paul Hersey: Stone and Patterson (2005), indicated that Blanchard and Hersey proposed a contingency/contingency theory advocating a leader’s use of differing leadership behaviors dependent upon two interrelated maturity factors: job maturity-relevant task and technical knowledge and skills, and psychological maturity- the subordinate’s level of self-confidence and self-respect (p. 5). I feelRead MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of A Team Leader1666 Words   |  7 Pagessame. Leadership styles are different techniques/ways of leading a group or team. I have been tasked to describe, compare and evaluate the following 8 styles of leadership; - Authoritarian - Democratic - Laissez-faire - Transactional - Transformational - Bureaucratic - People orientated - Task orientated As well as this I need to identify the different roles and responsibilities of a team leader. The first style I will be looking at is â€Å"Autocratic† Leadership also known as â€Å"Authoritarian† leadershipRead MoreLeadership Styles Of A Nurse Leader1086 Words   |  5 PagesNurse Leadership Styles Rachel R Steanburg Lake Michigan College Abstract Nursing leaders are able to take on many different leadership styles in their management positions. Such types of leadership include Democratic style, Affiliative style, Transformational style and Authoritarian style. Leaders that are able to switch between different leadership styles are able to lead their teams in all different situations and will in turn gain the respect of their team. Nurse leaders need to lead in a wayRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leaders And Styles Of Leadership1590 Words   |  7 Pagesobligation to be a leader (Dufour, Marzano, 2011). Leadership defined by Owen (2002) is, â€Å"A journey of discovery. It is the expression of a person at his or her best whose aim is to transform something for the better and to develop this potential in others. It is not a solitary pursuit but one that harnesses the energy of those around you. Leadership is a process in which leaders and followers engage to achieve mutual goals. Prentice (2004) defines leadership as the accompl ishment of a goal through theRead MoreDifferent leadership styles in the public service Essay example1148 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Different leadership styles in the public services Team leaders and there roles in leadership There are several different leadership styles used within the public services. Therefore there are many varied suggestions that define someone as being a strong leader. However a ‘leadership style’ is a unique style that people recognise to encourage or influence other people in a way others do not so that they admire and want to be like. A team leader’s role in the public services is to provide instructionRead MoreTransactional Leadership in Nursing1130 Words   |  5 PagesTransformational Vs. Transactional Leadership In Professional Nursing Introduction Leadership development in the nursing profession is important because it directly impacts the care that is delivered to clients. Transactional and Transformational leadership styles are two very different methods of leadership in the nursing profession. This Essay will compare and contrast these two styles and support that transformational leadership style inspires quality care, job satisfaction and improved patient

International Sports Marketing Sponsorship -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Sports Marketing Sponsorship? Answer: Introduction Coca cola has been always at its helm when it comes to advertising, the companys long association with the Olympics further propelled the company to come up with creative advertising. The campaign was focused on how coca cola and Olympics are bringing people close to each other. Coca cola came up with three brilliant advertisements reflecting great positive moments of life. The advertisement relished the long standing 80 years of association between Coca-Cola and the Olympics. It was definitely a sight to see, filled with emotions and lot of earlier achievements and historical footage; it sure was a great campaign. At the same time, Coca Cola also targeted the Chinese market and crafted advertisement for Chinese people (Soderman Dolles, 2008) Outdoor communication Coca-Colas outdoor campaign was reflective of its branding, the company came up with painting of bus shelters and painting on major streets, the painting symbolized bold and dark color of red and it was written Cool is about to arrive. The company launched the campaign in Beijing an year before the actual Olympics in August 2008; it was also successful in creating a good buzz in Beijing (Fullerton Merz, 2008) On pack communication The Beijing campaign was launched by the on pack communication, Coca Cola launched a new composite logo and a cool innovative bottle for Olympics. The new logo was designed keeping in mind a flying red kite intertwined with a background of clouds; it was based on the theme of showcasing China to the world. In addition to this innovative and limited edition bottle, the company also came up with a quirky design to target its young audience (Price, 2008) Online and interactive communication The campaign of Coca cola had an interactive arm to it as well through MyCoke.com, it brought Coca Cola and Olympics game in a fun filled light. Another interactive program by the name of Design the world a Coke allowed people to share their digital bottle with others.WE8 another online interactive arm of the campaign, was a collaboration amongst a number of progressive musicians who designed and created limited edition aluminum bottle designs and free, downloadable companion songs. A collaborative photo experience was also created by Coca Cola for the Olympics, 17 Million people contributed towards creation of this amazing photo Montage (Choi, 2008) Packaging and merchandise Special cans, pins and trading cards were created for the Olympics game. E-Bay was the official partner of Coca cola which helped the company in distributing the merchandise not only in China but all over the world. The special packaging and merchandizing was hugely successful exercise done by Coca Cola in the Beijing Olympics. Sales promotions A number of online contests were created as a part of promotion of the campaign; one of the earliest campaign Win a dream with the Star Team was hugely successful. Another contest was running in China where consumers had to enter unique codes to win exciting merchandize and few lucky winners would also get a chance to meet their favorite footballers. Another prominent campaign was the launch of Delicious Happiness as the Chinese characters of Coca-Cola literally translated to Delicious Happiness (Economy Segal, 2008) Public relations The entire campaign was built on the simple motto of building sustainability communities, the company was focused on initiatives that protect the environment, conserve resources and enhance the economic development of the communities in which the company is operating. All these points were part of PR campaign (Mol, 2010) Association of Coca cola with London Olympics 2012 The advertising strategy of London Olympics 2012 was entirely different from all the earlier editions. The company wanted to leverage the power of digital media and move past traditional media. The company curated a large number of online interactive digital campaigns for its audience for a better engagement and conversion ratio. Television advertising was an aid used by Coca Cola to increase the reach of its campaign which was based on the socially responsible objective of the company. Mark Robinson and Kate Perry were featured in an ad Move to Beat campaign in order to promote the sponsorship for the games. 4 short films were also created with time duration of 30-60 seconds and the campaign was aired in multiple countries. The basic agenda of the advertising strategy of Coca-Cola was to create content which teens could relate to and share based on relevancy. Coca cola also ran a couple of Print ads showcasing its recycling efforts, promoting healthy drinking habits, and the amount of People Company employs in the UK. The company also had to launch another campaign highlighting its health ad sustainability credentials as a step against its criticism for sponsoring London Olympics (Poynter MacRury, 2012) On pack communication The on pack communication was in sync with its earlier association with Olympics. Coca cola designed bottles for promotion of London Olympics which were designed on the theme of London Olympics and was based on bringing people closer and together. Online and interactive communication Coca-Colas objective behind sponsoring London Olympics was to bring younger people closer to the heart of Olympics games and thus wanted to use this opportunity in creating positive differences in the UK. The company wanted to create campaign revolving round the youth, inspiring them to lead active healthy lifestyle, and also to connect people with music. Teaming up with Mark Robinson and Katy B was with the sole aim of infusing games with music. The song composed by the singers was launched as the official theme song of the Olympics and it was released as single. A Mobile campaign where the youth could interact with athletes and artist won many awards for being the best integrated marketing campaign. Another campaign on Facebook by the name Track the beat gave young people to access and interacts with the campaign anytime, users were also given powers to collect different beats around the song of London Olympics and share it with their friends. Coca-Cola went in partnership with Sam sung and Android to further promote the spirit of music and game. All in all, the digital marketing campaign was a massive hit across London (Kim, 2013) Packaging and merchandise Like the earlier editions, this time as well coca cola launched exclusive merchandize to communicate the association with London Olympics 2012. 4 pins were produced exclusively for opening and closing ceremonies to get the attention of the consumers and also grab eyeballs for collecting the highly prized collectors items. Three more exclusive designs were created but were limited only to buy at Hyde Park and the Olympic park. A great initiative done by Coca-Cola was to handover all the profit it made from the merchandize to its charity Street games which helps to bring sport to 110,000 young people in some of the most deprived communities in the UK (Taylor, 2012) Sales promotions Company despite launching various promotional offers also came up with London 2012 Olympic Torch Relay to shine a light on the best of British youth and also encouraged people to get involved in the local communities. Coca cola gave chance to million to people to come and witness the grand saga of Olympics by answering simple questions based on its campaign, hugely successful in operation. Other promotion methods like offering unique codes, more quizzes on company, trivia and facts were presented to the youth to increase the engagement and involvement into the sport. Huge promotional displays and point of sale supports such as posters, shelf talkers, cooler clings, banners, and ballot boxes were also created to reinforce the promotional activities of Coca cola in tandem to the London 2012 Olympics. Coca cola also launched a unique campaign in association with McDonald around the world; the promotion ran in almost 65 countries. In the campaign a consumer would get 1 free glass of Coca cola after he collects and give 5 different colored glasses and puts it in the collector box. This was further promoted by creating a viral video, which was posted online and it drove good conversion metrics for Coca Cola (Sheridan, 2012) Public relations The Public release of Coca Cola was in sync with its CSR activity that how it is helping London in achieving the most sustainable games of all times. This was supported by using 100% recycled bottles, which were made from 22.5% of Plant products. This initiative was called as Plant Bottle Initiative; the aim of the campaign was to convert every soft drink recycled bottle back into a new one in duration of 6 weeks. The company also did a press release in which it detailed the step it is taking to reduce the carbon footprint in the UK 2008 Beijing Olympics was inclined more towards the usage of traditional tools of marketing for the promotion of its campaigns. A huge sum of money was spent in creating short films for the campaign, outdoor promotion, and TV advertisements and so on. While the company realized that traditional tools of marketing should be used just to create the awareness around the event, in order to bring the youth and people closer to the event, they have to come up number of digital interactive campaigns for London 2012 Olympics. It has been seen that in terms of consumer awareness about Coca Cola, London Olympics was more successful. Numbers of campaign were launched on Facebook and other media platforms, integrated mobile communication also played a huge hand in the success of the digital campaigns. Social responsibility Coca Cola took a pledge to keep its vending machine free of Hydro Flouro Carbons (HFC) in cooperation with the greenpeace and the United Nations Environment program. The goal of this coalition was to keep a tab on the global warming, and coca cola wanted to keep Beijing Olympics HFC free. A large number of refrigeration systems were also kept in the venues to reduce the effects of the greenhouse gases. While in the year 2012, coca cola was more focused on making its bottle 100% recycled and convert every bottle used in the stadium into a new bottle in duration of maximum 6 weeks. It also underwent through a lot of detailing in explaining to the world how it is further contributing positively towards the sustainability of the environment. It also made a press release to the general public, explaining to them how it is helping in reducing the global carbon foot print. Unique elements of Coca Cola London Olympic campaign An extremely innovative idea by Coca Cola which was initiated at the London Olympics 2012, Coca cola beat box was inspired by its Move to the beat campaign which basically resulted in creation of a ground breaking building in the Olympic park knows as the coca cola beat box. This unique building could be played as a beat box by the consumers and they could create their own beats using the coca cola merchandize. Increased social responsibility London 2012 was important for Coca Cola because of many reasons. It came up with 100% recyclable bottle based on the technology of Plant Bottle initiative. Under this the aim was to convert every single bottle into a new bottle in duration of 6 weeks. In addition to this, Coca-Cola used recycled uniforms and menu cards through the venue, thus contributing towards increased social responsibility. Innovative packaging Coca Cola has always been an innovator when it comes to creating absolutely brilliant designs for its bottles. The company repeated the same by creating never to be seen attractive design and packaging for its bottle. It created three exclusive pins, which were kept only at Hyde and Olympic park for the consumers. People were seen queued to grab a hand at those exclusive bottles placed at those locations. Targeting young people Coca Cola wanted to target the youth as part of its sponsorship with London Olympics 2012 and divert their interest towards healthy lifestyle habits and games. In order to do so, it came up with exclusive integrated mobile campaign which allowed the youth to interact with their favorite footballers. A number of campaigns on Facebook allowed the youth to connect any time with the campaign. Content was created by Coca Cola in sync with the interest of the Youth. References Choi, J. A. (2008). Coca-Cola China's Virtual Olympic Torch Relay programme at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: adding interactivity to a traditional offline Olympic activation.International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship,9(4), 4-13. Economy, E. C., Segal, A. (2008). China's Olympic nightmare: What the games mean for Beijing's future.Foreign affairs, 47-56. Fullerton, S., Merz, G. R. (2008). The four domains of sports marketing: A conceptual framework.Sport Marketing Quarterly,17(2), 90. Kim, H. D. (2013). The 2012 London Olympics: Commercial partners, environmental sustainability, corporate social responsibility and outlining the implications.The International Journal of the History of Sport,30(18), 2197-2208. Mol, A. P. (2010). Sustainability as global attractor: the greening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.Global Networks,10(4), 510-528. Poynter, G., MacRury, I. (Eds.). (2012).Olympic cities: 2012 and the remaking of London. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Price, M. E. (2008). On seizing the Olympic platform.Owning the Olympics: Narratives of the new China,86, 114. Sheridan, P. D. (2012). An Olympic Solution to Ambush Marketing: How the London Olympics Show the Way to More Effective Trademark Law.Sports Law. J.,17, 27. Sderman, S., Dolles, H. (2008). Strategic fit in international sponsorship-the case of the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship,9(2), 22-37. Taylor, C. R. (2012). The London Olympics 2012: what advertisers should watch.

Managing Innovation and Technology Transfer †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Managing Innovation and Technology Transfer. Answer: Introduction Innovation process often involves different types of stakeholders, such as scientists, governments, marketing specialists, and consumers. The involved parties are usually diverse in groups and it helps in acquiring the innovative ideas for the further business development. According to Ritala and Sainio (2014), innovation is the method of generating ideas to ensure commercialization. Organisations use the diverse types of JOSCO is innovations including product, service, or process. The variations in the selling process or business activities are essential to establish the customer base and strengthen the organisational position (Andersson et al. 2016). The study will discuss the ICP technology innovation in Jordan Oil Shale Company. The company has been following the steady growth in the oil industry by adopting the frequent innovation process (Davenport 2013). It has been observed that JOSCO has been undertaking short and long time projects to enhance the profitability parameter. On e of those long term projects depends on the consecutive project periods that lead to the future commercial projects. JOSCO is committed to relinquish the government areas along with the data of oil shale that was gathered after exploring the operational activities. Therefore, the company is much concerned about increasing knowledge in terms of the governmental perception of using the resources. The company is looking forward to establish the sustainable position in order to face the challenges and build the responsible energy process in future. JOSCO has been striving for years to capture the position of the forefront of technological advancements within this sector. The major focus is to increase the benefits in the economic structure of the country. JOSCO has the full access to the wealth of innovational thinking and knowledge with the help of Global Research and Development Center. The operations team of the company has the perception that the technological advancements would be much helpful in transforming Jordan into the exporter of the knowledge to engage more countries for the future prospec ts (Josco.jo 2017). The research conducted on the ICP technology, expert resource evaluation, and the field operation models are the major commitments in the commercial field. It is reported that if Jordan lacks the conventional oil and gas resources for sustaining the economic developmental aspects, it would capture the fourth largest position in the oil shale reserves. The actual estimation highlights that the Jordan has reserved almost 90 to 100 billion of barrels of the unconventional oil. On the other hand, the total energy consumption depends on the importing services of the diesel and heavy fuels. The International Monetary Fund has informed that these import services are scaled up to $4.6 billion in the year of 2011. This ratio has been representing almost 25% of the entire GNP of Jordan (Josco.jo 2017). The numbers even started growing without making any significant changes in this field. However, this growth has imposed challenges in the economic structure of the company due to the high investment rates. Considering such challenges, JOSCO started planning to explore and develop the programs on the consecutive periods to run the commercial operati ons till the year of 2020 (Ceri-mines.org 2017). The main focus of the company was to assess the reservation of the Jordan Oil Shale. The use of the ICP technologies is introducing the different process of producing oil from the oil shale. It is noted that oil shale include the grains from different colours due to the mixed Kerogen. Kerogen is the organic material that includes fossil and it turns into the raw and crude natural oil and gas after pressuring and providing heat. The use of the ICP technology thus has the significant value in the commercial field. On the contrary, the information obtained from the secondary resources and the annual reports of the company are quite helpful in gathering the academic knowledge. The ICP techniques enhance the technological knowledge in a significant way. Hence, it can be inferred that the use of the ICP is both academically and commercially favourable. Formative Proposal Business innovation is the integral part of the organisational sustainability in this competitive scenario. In fact, innovation through the technology transfer is essential for ensuring business success, sustainability, growth, and competitiveness. The Jordan Oil Shale Company (JOSCO) is the independent subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell Plc. The company is committed to undertake different business innovations and evaluate the business potentiality of the deep layers of Jordanian oil shale. The company strives to capture the position of forefront of the advanced technologies in the oil sectors. The company is focusing on managing innovation and technology transfer project by utilizing ICP technologies for transferring knowledge. JOSCO is focusing on using the novel technology termed as In-situ Conversion Process (ICP) that helps in producing oil through the heat in the oil shale (Josco.jo 2017). The major challenges are faced because the technology can use this method of producing oil w here the oil shale is thickest and richest. The limited usage of the operational activities will be troublesome in producing oil. On the other hand, it is even necessary to gain the adequate knowledge regarding the use of these technologies to extract oil from the oil shell. The insufficient knowledge may limit the technology transfer process. In order to achieve the learning outcomes, it is essential to collect the adequate information from the secondary sources. The annual report of the company and the useful resources related to the subject matter will be helpful for conducting the market research. The reflective commentary documents will be based on the understanding of the subject and the challenges associated with it. The presentation of the personal reflection will be helpful in overcoming these challenges. The concentration on the necessary implication will also be utilized to achieve the learning outcomes. Detailed Methodology and Analytical Approach The relevant methodological approaches are essential for conducting the market research and explaining the entire project method. It is necessary to adopt the right analytical approaches that are quite beneficial in understanding the underlying subject matter (Creswell 2013). The study is based on the detailed information about the innovation and technology transfer process in Jordan Oil Shale Company. The company is utilizing the ICP technology for producing oil in an innovative way. In order to explore the importance of such technology in commercial purposes, it is essential to gather the secondary resources for presenting the thematic analysis (Bryman and Bell 2015). The information gathered from the secondary sources is essential for understanding the detailed method of these technologies. Moreover, it provides the analysis of the innovation process that can be beneficial for achieving the sustainable approach of the company in the future prospects. The presentation of the theme based analysis depends on several methodological techniques. The research philosophy is categorized into three divisions, such as positivism, realism and interpretivism. The positivism and realism philosophy focus on the more analytical approaches gained through the observations (Gale et al. 2013). On the contrary, the interpretivism focuses on the new approaches by involving assumptions (Thanh and Thanh 2015). The study is widely focusing on the enriched knowledge about the technology transfer and the innovation process. Gathering the detailed knowledge about such advanced technologies will be analyzed in this study. Therefore, the use of interpretivism paradigm will be appropriate for the study. Research Approach is categorized into two major components, such as deductive and inductive approach. Deductive approach is generally based on testing the existing theory related to the subject matter. On the other hand, the Inductive approach formulates the new theory based on the collected data (Thanh and Thanh 2015). The technological innovation requires developing more knowledge depending on the extracted ideas from the collected data. Hence, in order to conduct the study, the use of the inductive approach will be justified. Research Design is another necessary form of methodology. Research Design is classified into three major divisions, such as exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive (Lutters 2014). The exploratory design is developed by gathering knowledge from the previous study and evaluating the information in the later investigation purposes. On the other hand, the explanatory design explains the underlying cause and effects related to the subject matter. Finally, the de scriptive design defines the characteristics of the population among which the study is conducted. The descriptive design is much helpful in understanding the in-depth knowledge about the subject matter and the detailed analysis of the key information (Cheong, Hallihan. and Shu 2014). Hence, it can be stated that the use of the descriptive design is quite appropriate to conduct the study. The theme based analysis will be presented in this study by measuring the variable and establishing the relations between the major variable. It is necessary to understand the major characteristics and the underlying concept of the study. The technological innovation itself contains the greater understanding of the knowledge. The collected information from the secondary sources will be divided into several themes for the analytical purposes (Gale et al. 2013). It is necessary to understand each of the themes that explain the necessary variable. Establishing the linking between these variables, it will be easier to understand the preferable recommendation for the proper utilization of this technological tool (Cheong, Hallihan. and Shu 2014). Hence, the thematic analysis of the theme-based methods will be beneficial to understand the use of this innovative technology. Reflective Documenting of the Challenges identified in the Project We are quite aware of the current development in the business industries. The drastic changes in the business environment are ensuring the different innovative processes with the advanced technologies. However, the project is about developing the ICP technology for Jordan Oil Shale Company. During the development of this project, I have faced some of the significant challenges in managing such advanced technologies. In this section of the study, I shall document the major challenges that I have faced during the project. The significant challenges faced during the project. The identified challenges are documented below: Lack of Clarification regarding the technology During the technological development, it is essential for all of us to derive the proper knowledge about the technology specification (Reinik et al. 2015). The advancements of the technological equipments and process are often leading us to much confusion. The development of the technology requires the full documentation about the requirements of the business innovations. The associated members need to get the proper skills in the technological development. The adequate knowledge regarding the technological development is necessary for every one of the team members. Moreover, while developing the technologies, I needed to understand the functionalities and the proper timeline to develop these technologies. In the oil shale company, we need to maintain the proper safety parameter to produce oil (Yo?ru?k, Trikkel and Kuusik 2016). It is essential for all of us to maintain the safety parameter for oil production. I needed the proper specification of the technologies and the method of ut ilizing these to develop the business innovation process. On the other hand, I have found out that the team members were unaware of the proper location where the technologies will be developed. In addition to this, the costs of developing such innovative tools were also uninformed (Azzam, Al-Ghazawi and Al-Otoom 2016). Hence, it was quite tough for the team members to understand the total budget of the technological development. The lack of clarification and transparency is quite hazardous for the project development process. Lack of Proper Knowledge The lack of proper knowledge and skills is another most challenging situation for me during this project. In the technical field, we need to gather the adequate ideas about the technological implementation process (Al-Gharabli, Azzam and Al-Addous 2015). While conducting this project, I have gathered the sufficient knowledge about the ICP technologies. The demonstration of how these technologies are used will be beneficial for them to utilize these in a proper way. It will be much fruitful for the project activities. Moreover, the team mates can even develop their technological skills through such training and development process (Alnawafleh, Al-Harahsheh and Al-Harahsheh 2016). However, while working with other team members, it was essential for me to help the other team mates in understanding the utilization of the proper technological process. During the project, I have noticed that some of the team mates have been facing the trouble in understanding this latest technology of prod ucing oil. In most of the cases, it has been noted that the frequent changes in the business process create the significant challenges for everyone. Especially, the technological advancements consider the huge knowledge about the technological assimilation (Puura et al. 2016). There are some of the challenges faced by the team members during the technological transfers. These challenges are listed below: The issues with the scalability Lack of proper reliability Lack of proper efficiency in resource recovery or energy use Inadequate water use Lack of proper protection of the groundwater Carbon emissions It is notable that the development of the ICP technologies in the oil shale company includes many of the stages through which the oil is produced (Al-Makhadmeh et al. 2013). However, improper knowledge regarding the technological innovation can lead towards the negative consequences. Therefore, it is essential for us to make the proper implications for resolving these specific challenges. Emergence of these challenges during the project can be sometimes dangerous for the associated team members as well. Challenges with the Security Another major and significant challenge faced during this project was the health safety and security of the team members. The ICP technologies are generally used to bring more innovations to produce oil in a large number (Sandberg, Thomas and Hale 2014). These equipments are needed to be handled cautiously. We have faced some of the significant challenges due to the improper security while the technologies were transferred. The lack of proper security affected the health of many of the team mates due to which the project was delayed for sometimes (Hao et al. 2014). The insecure and unhygienic environment affects the business much prominently. Some of the teammates were even injured due to the improper use of technologies. Therefore, it was essential for us to keep the concentration on these specific challenges. The above challenges are proved to be harmful for the associated team mates as well as the business project. It has been noted that the delays in the project create the negative impact on the clients mind (Pan et al. 2017). Moreover, it specifically affects the professional career of all of us. Being a project manager, it is my responsibility to propose some of the beneficial implications that will be helpful enough in conducting the project without hazards. On the other hand, it is also my responsibility to ensure the safety and security parameter of the team mates who are associated with such technology development process (Mangmeechai et al. 2014). The probable solutions for overcoming these challenges are explained further. Commercially Viable Solution to overcome these challenges It is essential to understand the severity of the problems to find out the solution. The identified problems in this technology innovation project are quite severe that have the chance to delay the projects (Meijssen, Emmen and Fowler 2014). Moreover, the improper utilization of the technologies can even lead towards the health hazards or accidents of the associated team members. Considering the identified problems, the following solutions are provided to mitigate or overcome these challenges. Establishments of the Communication Transparency It has been observed that sometimes, the lack of project specifications create much confusion among the associated people. The development of the technology requires the full documentation about the requirements of the business innovations. The associated members need to get the proper skills in the technological development. The adequate knowledge regarding the technological development is necessary for every one of the team members. Being a project manager, I need to ensure that all the important and necessary information will be documented in a project description file. The proper communication transparency would be helpful in making the people aware of the project necessity and the requirements of developing the technologies. The documented files will be sent to every team members through email or group discussion meeting. It is necessary to ensure that every team member has the documented file with them during the project period. It is necessary to develop the clear ideas about the project specification. In such cases, we can consult the expert who is knowledgeable about such technological innovation. In addition to this, the establishment of the proper communication transparency with the associated team mates will be much helpful for me to understand their concerns about the project. Accordingly, we can develop those areas to achieve the determined purposes. Structuring the Budget for the project It is my responsibility to gather the idea about the resources that will be invested for the equipments to technology innovation process. The structured budget of the necessary capital resources will be helpful in understanding the investment purposes. Accordingly, the investors and the organisation will help in investing more capitals on the required equipments for the project purposes. Along with such budget specifications, it is even necessary to provide the structured timeline to schedule the project activities. It will be easier to manage the time for the completion of the project. Training and Development Session Many challenges emerged due to the lack of knowledge in using these technologies. Being a project manager, it is my one of the primary responsibility to make the team mates knowledgeable about the use of technicalities. I can take the experts permission to gather knowledge about proper use of the ICP technologies and the expert can be involved to provide the training sessions to the associated team mates. The demonstration of how these technologies are used will be beneficial for them to utilize these in a proper way. while working with other team members, it was essential for me to help the other team mates in understanding the utilization of the proper technological process. It was also noticed that some of the team mates have been facing the trouble in understanding this latest technology of producing oil. In most of the cases, it has been noted that the frequent changes in the business process create the significant challenges for everyone. Especially, the technological advanceme nts consider the huge knowledge about the technological assimilation. It will be much fruitful for the project activities. Moreover, the team mates can even develop their technological skills through such training and development process. Promoting the OHS regulations Promoting the OHS regulations will be helpful enough in mitigating the issues with the accidental risks. The lack of proper security affected the health of many of the team mates due to which the project was delayed for sometimes. The insecure and unhygienic environment affects the business much prominently. The guidance provided in the OHS regulations is much significant in making the associated members aware of the safer approaches and proper cautions that are needed to be undertaken during the technological innovations. It reduces the health and accidental risks throughout the project activities. It is even one of the most significant processes of reducing the chances of oil spill or oil explosion. Conclusion The Jordan Oil Shale Company (JOSCO) is the independent subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell Plc. The company is committed to undertake different business innovations and evaluate the business potentiality of the deep layers of Jordanian oil shale. The company strives to capture the position of forefront of the advanced technologies in the oil sectors. The company is focusing on managing innovation and technology transfer project by utilizing ICP technologies for transferring knowledge. The use of the secondary research method is helpful enough in establishing the theme based analysis that is dividing the themes as per the variables of the study. The challenges emerged due to the lack of knowledge, lack of security,, and lack of information. In such cases, the maintenance of the proper documentation of the project specification, evaluation of the training and development process, and engagement of the OHS regulating rules will be helpful. References Al-Gharabli, S.I., Azzam, M.O. and Al-Addous, M., 2015. Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of shale oil from Jordanian oil shale.Oil shale,32(3), p.240. Al-Makhadmeh, L., Maier, J., Al-Harahsheh, M. and Scheffknecht, G., 2013. Oxy-fuel technology: An experimental investigations into oil shale combustion under oxy-fuel conditions.Fuel,103, pp.421-429. Alnawafleh, H.M., Al-Harahsheh, M.S. and Al-Harahsheh, A.M., 2016. Leachability of Oil Shale Ash from Isfir Al-Mahata Oil Shale, Southern Jordan.Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering,4(05), p.292. Andersson, U., Das, ., Mudambi, R. and Pedersen, T., 2016. Technology, innovation and knowledge: The importance of ideas and international connectivity.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.153-162. Azzam, M.O., Al-Ghazawi, Z. and Al-Otoom, A., 2016. Incorporation of Jordanian oil shale in hot mix asphalt.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.2259-2277. Boons, F. and Ldeke-Freund, F., 2013. Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.9-19. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Ceri-mines.org, 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.ceri-mines.org/documents/27symposium/presentations/av17-2crawford.pdf [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Cheong, H., Hallihan, G. and Shu, L.H., 2014. Understanding analogical reasoning in biomimetic design: An inductive approach. InDesign computing and cognition'12(pp. 21-39). Springer Netherlands. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.BMC medical research methodology,13(1), p.117. Hao, Y., Xiaoqiao, G., Fansheng, X., Jialiang, Z. and Yanju, L., 2014. Temperature distribution simulation and optimization design of electric heater for in-situ oil shale heating.Oil Shale,31(2), p.105. Josco.jo, 2017.About JOSCO | Jordan Oil Shale Company. [online] Josco.jo. Available at: https://www.josco.jo/about-josco [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Josco.jo, 2017.Meeting the demands of the global energy challenge | Jordan Oil Shale Company. [online] Josco.jo. Available at: https://www.josco.jo/ [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Lutters, E., 2014. Design Methodology. InCIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering(pp. 386-388). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mangmeechai, A., Jaramillo, P., Griffin, W.M. and Matthews, H.S., 2014. Life cycle consumptive water use for oil shale development and implications for water supply in the Colorado River Basin.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,19(3), pp.677-687. Meijssen, T.E., Emmen, J. and Fowler, T.D., 2014, November. In-situ Oil Shale Development in Jordan through ICP Technology. InAbu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Pan, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, Y. and Yang, S., 2017. The Experimental Research of the Effect of Heating Temperature and Heating Time for Oil Shale Crack.J. Chem. Soc. Pak,39(02), p.177. Puura, V., Soesoo, A., Voolma, M., Hade, S. and Aosaar, H., 2016. Chemical composition of the mineral matter of the Attarat Um Ghudran oil shale, Central Jordan.Oil Shale,33(1), p.18. Reinik, J., Irha, N., Steinnes, E., Piirisalu, E., Aruoja, V., Schultz, E. and Leppnen, M., 2015. Characterization of water extracts of oil shale retorting residues form gaseous and solid heat carrier processes.Fuel Processing Technology,131, pp.443-451. Ritala, P. and Sainio, L.M., 2014. Coopetition for radical innovation: technology, market and business-model perspectives.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,26(2), pp.155-169. Sandberg, C., Thomas, K. and Hale, A., 2014, June. Advances in electrical heating technology for heavy oil production. InSPE Heavy Oil Conference-Canada. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Thanh, N.C. and Thanh, T.T., 2015. The interconnection between interpretivist paradigm and qualitative methods in Education.American Journal of Educational Science,1(2), pp.24-27. Yo?ru?k, C.R., Trikkel, A. and Kuusik, R., 2016. Prediction of Flue Gas Composition and Comparative Overall Process Evaluation for Air and Oxyfuel Combustion of Estonian Oil Shale, Using Aspen Plus Process Simulation.Energy Fuels,30(7), pp.5893-5900.

Military Tribunals free essay sample

Bush issued a military order (M. O. ) which allowed the President’s to â€Å"identify terrorists and those who support them† and bring them to justice by way of â€Å"military tribunals. † President Bush argues that it is his duty to â€Å"protect the United States and its citizens. The M. O. makes this possible by delineating the rules and procedures for military tribunals held during the war on terror. The legality of Bush’s M. O. immediately became the subject of debate upon its publication. For example, the president argues that he is fully authorized to enforce the use of military tribunals based on the historical precedents set in place by former presidents. He also argues that he is permitted to establish tribunals based on his declaration of â€Å"a national emergency on September 14, 2001. † The M. O. order states that â€Å"this emergency constitutes an urgent and compelling government interest, and that issuance of this order is necessary to meet the emergency. We will write a custom essay sample on Military Tribunals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † By declaring a state of national emergency, Bush suggests that tribunals are now a matter of â€Å"military necessity. Those subject to the order are defined in subsection 2(a)(1) as someone who â€Å"is or was a member of the organization known as al Qaeda,† as well as someone who meets the following criteria: â€Å"has engaged in, aided or abetted, or conspired to commit, acts of international terrorism, or acts in preparation therefore, that have caused, threaten to cause, or have as their aim to cause, injury to or adverse effects on the United States, its citizens, national security, foreign policy, or economy, or [anyone who] has knowingly harbored one or more [of these] individuals† Nevertheless, the M.O. was highly controversial despite all of the historical precedents, the declaration of a national emergency, and the specifications in section 2(a)(1). In Jennifer K. Elsea’s CRS Report for Congress titled, â€Å"The Department of Defense Rules for Military Commissions: Analysis of Procedural Rules and Comparison with Proposed Legislation and the UCMJ,† Elsea summarized one of the opposition’s arguments, which is that â€Å"the President’s M. O. has been criticized as overly broad in its assertion of jurisdiction, because it could be interpreted to cover non-citizens who have o connection with Al-Qaeda or the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. † As this report will show, debates over the definition of an â€Å"enemy combatant† as it applies to the war on terror are very complicated. The world is now facing an unidentifiable enemy on an undefined battleground. But the vagueness of the M. O. as far as who exactly it applies to is only one out of the many problems found in Bush’s M. O. Also opposing the M. O. are both members of Congress and the Judiciary as they feel very uncomfortable allowing the President to establish military tribunals f or the war on terror. Mainly, the arguments against the President include his disregard for the Constitution and the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). This disregard is seen as Bush’s bypassing the military’s courts martial system as well as the United States civilian district courts already in place. In his congressional report titled, â€Å"Military Tribunals: Historical Patterns and Lessons,† Louis Fisher clarifies that â€Å"one of the principal methods of legislative control over military trials, including tribunals, are the Articles of War that Congress enacts into law. While the Articles of War have since been combined into a single Uniform Code of Military Justice, it nonetheless remains Congress’ explicit constitutional power to â€Å"make rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces. † As such, Congress feels that Bush is denying its right to regulate the enforcement of military tribunals. In addition to the Constitution, Article 18 of the UCMJ explicitly states that, â€Å"General courts-martial . . . have jurisdiction to try any person who by the law of war is subject to trial by a military tribunal and may adjudge any punishment permitted by the law of war. However, President Bush states in his M. O. that rather than try suspected terrorists by court-martial, the President should enforce military tribunals for crimes against the â€Å"law of war. † Specifically, the M. O. states that those â€Å"subject to this order† are â€Å"to be tried for violations of the laws of war and other applicable laws by military tribunals. † The argument by the opposition, therefore, is that choosing to bypass the UCMJ, the President has circumvented the established rule which states that violations of the â€Å"laws of war† may be tried by court-martial. Opponents of the M. O. ear that a defendant would risk losing certain rights guaranteed by courts-martial and the civilian courts. Since the publication of the order, several legal professionals and civil rights activists have been very outspoken against the use of military tribunals and the executive’s claim to such a large amount of unchecked power. Legal professionals like Leonard M. Wallstein Jr. , a former officer in the Judge Advocate’s Office during WWII, agree that â€Å"efforts to divorce the military justice system from command control, to insure adequate representation by counsel, and to increase civilian supervision should not cease. Such a gross neglect for the protection of civil liberties would underscore America’s intent to p reserve freedom and democracy Both the Bush administration and its opponents posses enough strong evidence to support their respective opinions regarding the constitutionality of the M. O. However, after almost five years of scrutiny, the M. O. recently fell subject to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, creating a stay on the proceedings of the commission against Osama Bin Laden’s driver, Salim Ahmed Hamdan. Originally, the decision to consider Hamdan’s request for Habeas Corpus was denied by the Military Court of Appeals. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court took charge in this matter and decided that Hamdan’s military commission was unconstitutional as it â€Å"is not expressly authorized by any congressional act,† and violates, among other things, the Uniform Code of Military Justice Article 36 as well as Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. The details of the Hamdan case have significant implications for the enforcement of Bush’s M. O. Such implications will be discussed later in this report. The debates surrounding a President’s use of military tribunals did not begin in 2001 but rather much earlier in the nation’s history. Therefore, in light of the recent decisions made in the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of the M. O. and Bush’s use of military tribunals, it is important to investigate the historical evidence used by the administration. Examples of military commissions being used by Presidents date back to President Washington. Bush’s most useful precedent comes from Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration and the Supreme Court decision in Ex Parte Quirin. Since the M. O. , however, the debate has been at the forefront of national politics and civil rights agendas. Evidence of such a prolonged debate begs an important historical question. Based on both historical evidence as well as contemporary issues, it is this report’s intention to answer the following questions: How was President Bush able to legally implement his M. O. given the apparent breach of checks and balances? Also, how did the other two branches of the federal government eventually renounce the M. O.? Finally, what measures are currently in place to try suspected terrorists? This report will be broken into three sections. The first describes, in detail, President Bush’s argument in terms of the legality of his M. O. This section answers the first historical question. There is strong historical evidence in support of his M. O. including several precedents set in place by previous presidents. While examples date back all the way to General Washington’s use of tribunals during the Revolutionary War, this report will not go back any further than President Lincoln and the tribunal held following his assassination. Other significant historical examples, which carry a great deal of weight in the matter of the M. O. ’s constitutionality, include the Supreme Court decisions of Ex Parte Milligan following the Civil War, Ex Parte Quirin following World War II, as well as Johnston v. Eisentrager and Ex Parte Yamashita. The second section reviews the arguments made against Bush’s M. O. , which challenge his authority to establish military tribunals without proper supervision by the other two branches of government. This section answers the second historical question. It cites the three most recent Supreme Court decisions in the matter of military commissions. The cases Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, Padilla v. Rumsfeld, and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld all address contemporary issues surround the M. O. The outcome of each case helped the opposition by discrediting the M. O. in many respects. The facts of each case will be thoroughly discussed in this section along with several examples of public opinion. Additionally, Section II analyzes the applicability of the UCMJ and the Geneva Conventions within the scope of recent court cases such as Hamdi v Rumsfeld, Rumsfeld v. Padilla, and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld.. As this report will discover, it becomes very clear that the M. O. violates both the UCMJ and the Third Geneva Convention. Section II concludes with recent updates in the debate over Bush’s M. O. including the Military Commissions Act of 2006 as well as the outcomes of the three aforementioned cases. The third and final section will mostly be my personal opinion on the matter of Bush’s M. O. Using the evidence compiled in this report, I will inject my own ideas regarding military commissions for the war on terror. While this brief section is only my opinion, it will mostly serve as a helpful conclusion to the questions raised in this introduction. The debate over Bush’s M. O. brings into question the President’s protection of American interests. Charles Lane of The Washington Post, declares that the decision over the M. O. â€Å"could be one of the most significant rulings on presidential war powers since the end of World War II. † Here, Lane refers to Ex Parte Quirin, a Supreme Court decision involving Nazi saboteurs and the use of military tribunals to try them for violating the laws of war. Whatever the outcome, it is important that both the administration and its opponents act according to the American values which the M. O. originally set out to protect. Section I Recent arguments over Bush’s M. O. created a sudden resurfacing of old Supreme Court cases which disclose the use of military tribunals throughout the history of the United States. The Bush administration believed that certain historical evidence would prove to be very useful in confirming the President’s authority to establish military tribunals. The historical evidence for the President is abundant. Significant cases which support the M. O. include Lincoln’s use of military tribunals and suspension of Habeas Corpus, Ex Parte Mudd, Ex Parte Quirin and Ex Parte Yamashita. However, opponents feel that each account of a president’s use of tribunals is circumstantial and deserves close scrutiny. Examples of military tribunals being enforced by the Executive Branch are seen throughout the history of the United States. However, opponents of the M. O. cite their own historical precedents which should place restrictions upon the President’s authority to use military tribunals in the war on terror. An example of such a case is Ex Parte Milligan. During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln utilized his authority as Commander and Chief by declaring the suspension of habeas corpus and establishing the use of military tribunals in regions where resistance against Union forces was dangerous. Lincoln’s actions were questioned with regard to whether or not the President could make such a decision without the consent of Congress. It was argued that the authority to establish military tribunals was explicitly reserved for Congress. According to Fisher, â€Å"throughout the first seven decades of the American Republic, xecutive officials recognized that the ultimate constitutional authority to create and regulate military tribunals lay with Congress, not the President. † As such, President Lincoln’s actions were significant as he independently claimed the power to establish military tribunals during a time of war. Lincoln’s Attorney General, Edward Bates, published his opinion on Lincoln’s actions and stated that the President was acting in accordance with his constitutional limits. Bates’ argument relied on the contention that the President’s duty is to â€Å"preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. However, Bates continued, Lincoln could not perform his duties â€Å"without putting down rebellion, insurrection, and all unlawful combinations to resist the General Government. † Lincoln also cited Article II of the Constitution which stated that â€Å"the privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public safety may require it. † Seeing as how the conditions of the Civil War satisfied this criterion, Lincoln was confident in the appropriateness and the legality of his decision to suspend the writ. He pointed out that â€Å"it can not be believed the framers of the instrument intended that in every case the danger should run its course until Congress could be called together, the very assembling of which might be prevented, as was intended in this case, by rebellion. † President Bush applied this same principle, in a sense, by declaring a state of national emergency after 9/11 to ensure public safety according to the M. O. Bates concluded that the President’s power to seize such unilateral authority was â€Å"temporary and exceptional. Therefore, Congress did not object to Lincoln’s decision in this matter, and the Executive was allowed to use military tribunals and suspend Habeas Corpus against those rebelling against the Union. Recognizing the military significance of the situation, Congress enacted a piece of legislation on July 17, 1862, which authorized the President to appoint a judge advocate general to enforce, in a time of war, military tribunals for those who qualified as being a member of the military or those who were caught spying against the Union. While there are several instances of military tribunals being used throughout the Civil War, the case Ex Parte Milligan stands out as the most significant. Ex Parte Milligan had important implications which restricted Executive authority in establishing tribunals. Opponents cite the case as a reason to renounce the M. O. Lambdin P. Milligan, a U. S. citizen from Indiana who was not a member of the military, was arrested in 1864. Milligan protested the Civil War and was a well known Confederate sympathizer as he belonged to the Southern secret society, the Knights of the Golden Circle. He was charged for several offenses including â€Å"conspiracy against the government of the United States,† as well as â€Å"violations against the law of war. † As a civilian unaffiliated with the military, Milligan filed for a writ for habeas corpus and challenged his military tribunal and his subsequent death sentence. Milligan’s case was heard by the Supreme Court in March, 1866. The Honorable James A. Garfield, then a Representative for the state of Ohio, offered his own argument on the outcome of the case. Garfield alludes to the decision made in Milligan: â€Å"[N]o such necessity can be pleaded to justify the trial of a civilian by a military tribunal when the legally authorized civil courts are open and unobstructed. † This idea is expressed further in Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt’s â€Å"Digest for Opinions† for 1866, where he states that â€Å"in a military department the military commission is a substitute for the ordinary state or United States court, when the latter is closed by the exigencies of war, or is without the jurisdiction of the offense committed. † Therefore, Garfield concluded that â€Å"[Milligan] shall not be unlawfully punished . . by the sentence of a tribunal which had no jurisdiction over either their persons or the subject-matter of the charges. † The implications of the Milligan case were substantial. Justice Davis delivered the opinion of the Supreme Court. The decision restricted power of the Executive to establish military tribunals â€Å"in any State or Territory where the courts of the United States are open. † Although Lincoln’s use of tribunals provided legal precedent for the Executive Branch during times of war, the decision in Ex Parte Milligan gave jurisdiction back to the courts. During the war, Lincoln was afforded the opportunity, as Commander in Chief, to do what he thought was necessary to save the nation under â€Å"temporary and exceptional† conditions. However, after the war, the Supreme Court’s decision in Ex Parte Milligan influenced Congress as they â€Å"passed legislation to limit the Court’s jurisdiction to hear cases involving military law. † As a result, â€Å"federal courts became less tolerant of military tribunals that operated without specific statutory authority. This precedent runs counter to the Bush administration as it limits the Executive’s power to adjudicate persons who are not members of the United States military. Despite the implications of the Milligan case, the Bush administration does call upon its own examples of historical precedents which grant the President legitimate authority to establish military tribunals when the conditions are â€Å"temporary and exceptional. † For example, military tribunals were used in the trial of those charged with plotting Lincoln’s assassination. Dr. Samuel A. Mudd was caught setting the broken leg of John Wilkes Booth after Booth shot President Lincoln. Mudd was sentenced to life imprisonment, where he was bound to a ball and chain and forced to perform hard labor. Mudd’s conviction by military tribunal was upheld by a district court in Florida in 1868. Recently, Mudd’s family petitioned for a reconsideration of the case in order to clear Dr. Mudd’s name. However, the Army Board for Correction of Military Records maintains that the conviction was appropriate under military tribunal. In a letter defending his decision in Dr. Mudd’s appeal, Assistant Secretary of the Army, Patrick Henry, explains how Dr. Mudd acted â€Å"as an enemy belligerent by aiding and abetting those who had violated the laws and customs of war. † Assistant Secretary Henry cites Ex Parte Quirin as the most recent precedent which confirms the use of use of tribunals in Mudd’s case. President Bush and his administration frequently refer to Ex Parte Quirin as the best legal precedent which supports the M. O. The court’s decision in Quirin is extremely significant for Bush. Chief Justice Stone delivered the opinion of the Court, which held that â€Å"the military commission was lawfully constituted† and â€Å"that the petitioners are held in lawful custody, for trial before the military commission, and have not shown cause for being discharged by writ of habeas corpus. † The case took place in June, 1942 when eight Nazi German saboteurs came to the United States by submarine â€Å"intent on using explosives against railroads, factories, bridges, and other strategic targets. † President Roosevelt called upon his power as Commander in Chief to issue a proclamation for military tribunals to try the saboteurs. Roosevelt’s use of military tribunals to try the Nazi saboteurs was supported by the Supreme Court and is still used as a precedent today in the war on terror. Roosevelt issued Proclamation 2561 on July 2, 1942, which stated that he was going to establish military tribunals to try the eight German saboteurs â€Å"in accordance with the laws of war. † This is significant because trying the saboteurs under the Articles of War, which were the laws for the military at the time before the UCMJ, would have raised questions with regard to the use of courts-martial as the legal method for adjudication. However, the term â€Å"law of war† refers to international law. Title ten of the United States Code states that â€Å"the provisions of this chapter conferring jurisdiction upon courts-martial do not deprive military commissions, provost courts, or other military tribunals of concurrent jurisdiction with respect to offenders or offenses that by statute or by law of war may be tried by military commissions, provost courts, or other military tribunals. † President Bush utilized the same rhetoric as Roosevelt when he wrote his M. O. , claiming that terrorists are in violation of the â€Å"laws of war† and therefore subject to military tribunals. The Germans involved in Ex Parte Quirin were charged with four crimes: â€Å"one against the â€Å"law of war†, two against the Articles of War, and one involving conspiracy. † After training in Germany, they traveled across the Atlantic Ocean in a submarine with orders to destroy â€Å"strategic targets in the United States. † Their mission was soon compromised, however, when they came ashore on Long Island. Disagreements among the eight man team became a serious problem, as one of the team members, Ernest Peter Burger, explained during the tribunal that â€Å"there was no harmony. There was watching each other. It was no good; the spirit was not there. † Despite being approached by a member of the Coast Guard on the beach, the Germans managed to avoid being apprehended until they were eventually caught by the very determined FBI. At the time, it was assumed by the FBI that the men would be tried in a civil court. But several members of Congress and President Roosevelt demanded a military tribunal. The decision to try the German saboteurs by military tribunal was made for two reasons. The first was that FDR did not want make public how easy it was for the Germans to arrive in America undetected. Using military tribunals would allow the administration to withhold certain details of the case in the name of national security. President Bush uses the same logic in his M. O. by requiring â€Å"a level of secrecy that could include closed trials, unpublicized verdicts and unannounced punishments. † Similarly for Roosevelt, it was extremely important during a time of war to minimize potential publication on the weakness of domestic security. The second reason FDR and several embers of Congress preferred a military tribunal was because it was believed that a civil court or a court martial would limit the desired punishment. Because the men had not actually committed sabotage their chances of being convicted in a civil court were small. In his memoirs titled, â€Å"In Brief Authority,† Attorney General Francis Biddle explains how the eight Nazis would not be subjected to a harsh enough punishment in a civil court â€Å"on the ground that the preparations and landings were not close enough to the planned act of sabotage to constitute attempt. The maximum punishment for conspiracy to commit crimes was only three years. Therefore, Roosevelt wanted to circumvent the civil courts in order to pursue a harsher punishment. He sought the ability to â€Å"devise [his] own procedures, departing from court-martial practice whenever [he] chose to. † Such unilateral, unchecked power is identical to what Bush suggests with his M. O. FDR’s use of military tribunals was accepted at the time because he made it clear that the saboteurs were charged for violating the â€Å"laws of war† rather than the Articles of War. Fisher explains how the distinction between charging the Germans with violating the â€Å"law of war† verses the Articles of War is â€Å"fundamental. † He explains how the Articles of War were created as part of Congress’ constitutional right to â€Å"define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations. † Offenses of the Articles of War were subject to the strict procedure of courts-martial and would not allow for the maximum punishment available. Therefore, in his proclamation on July 2, 1942, FDR gave himself the authority to establish a tribunal as â€Å"President of the United States of America and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in [him] by the Constitution and the statutes of the United States. † As such, Roosevelt did not say he had â€Å"inherent or exclusive constitutional authority,† but rather that he â€Å"acted under a mix of constitutional authority afforded to the President and statutory authority granted by Congress. As such, FDR’s authority was upheld in the Supreme Court decision Ex Parte Quirin. In order for FDR to establish military tribunals, the administration first had to prove that Ex Parte Milligan did not apply. Ex Parte Milligan stated that tribunals could not take place in states where the civil courts were still operational. However, Attorney General Biddle argued that Milligan â€Å"should be limited to its part icular circumstances. † In the case of the Nazi saboteurs, Biddle made it clear that the circumstances outlined by FDR demanded a different perspective. He explained to the Supreme Court that â€Å"war today is so swift and so sudden and so universal that it would be absurd to apply doctrine like the doctrine in the Milligan case. † Furthermore, Assistant Solicitor General, Oscar Cox, assured Biddle that â€Å"Ex Parte Milligan . . . did not require a civil trial for enemy aliens who came through the lines out of uniform for the purpose of committing sabotage. † Such was the case in Quirin as the saboteurs changed out of uniform when they arrived in the U. S. Therefore, it did not appear that Ex Parte Milligan was going to prevent the military tribunal from taking place. Ex Parte Quirin occurred as a result of the eight Nazis filing for a writ of habeas corpus upon being detained and subjected to military tribunal. In the Per Curiam dated July 31, 1942, the Supreme Court decided that the President was authorized to issue his proclamation for military tribunals and that â€Å"the military commission was lawfully constituted. † Also, the charges against the Nazis â€Å"allege[d] an offense which the President [was] authorized to order tried before a military commission. It was finally decided that the â€Å"petitioners must be denied access to the courts, both because they are enemy aliens or have entered our territory as enemy belligerents, and because the President’s Proclamation undertakes in terms to deny such access to the class of persons defined by the Proclamation. † The ability to avoid the use of courts-marti al or regular district courts, therefore, was granted because of Roosevelt’s specific citation of the â€Å"laws of war. † President Bush also cited the â€Å"laws of war† in his M. O. , making the precedent of Ex Parte Quirin an important defense for the current administration. The tribunal concluded on August 1, 1942, with each of the eight men sentenced to death. Roosevelt’s proclamation allowed for a two-thirds majority in the ruling of the death penalty, while the Articles of War â€Å"required unanimity for a death penalty. † Despite certain concerns for FDR’s unchecked power, the Supreme Court decided that his actions were â€Å"conferred upon him by Congress. † This may have been due to the fact that FDR’s power as Commander in Chief during a time of war afforded him a certain amount of immunity from Congressional interference. Mostly, the Supreme Court made the distinction between charges against the Articles of War and the â€Å"laws of war. † Another important distinction it made, a distinction which applies to terrorists in Bush’s M. O. , was that between â€Å"lawful combatants (uniformed soldiers) and unlawful combatants (enemies who enter the country in civilian dress). † This was an important issue surrounding the tribunal. Upon arriving on the Long Island beach, the men were in the middle of changing from military uniforms to civilian clothes. Their wearing civilian clothes put them in the category of â€Å"unlawful combatants. According to the United States Supreme Court, being identified as â€Å"unlawful combatants† made the use of a military tribunal and their subsequent death penalties all the more justified. The effect of the decision in Ex Parte Quirin had a lasting impact on the use of military tribunals. The Supreme Court received a great deal of credit for deliberating over the legality of the tribunal. An editorial in the Washington Post stated that, â€Å"Americans can have the satisfaction of knowing that even in a time of great national peril we did not stoop to the practices of our enemies. An article from the New York Times claimed that â€Å"we had to try them because a fair trial for any person accused of crime, however apparent his guilt, is one of the things we defend in this war. † Clearly it was believed that the saboteurs were guilty. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court’s decision to debate the legality of the Quirin sentence was looked upon favorably by the American public. Despite public approval for the decision in Ex Parte Quirin, there were those who argued differently.